MODAL VERBS

    

- All the auxiliary verbs except be, do and have are called modals.

- Unlike other auxiliary verbs modals only exist in their helping form; they cannot stand alone as the 

  main verb in a sentence.

- It has functions such as suggesting possibility, probability, necessity, permission, obligation, 

  prohibition,or ability.

MODAL VERBS OF DEDUCTION

- must have (participle) is used to express a certainty that something happened in the past, normally by deduction. For example: "There are shards of glass on the inside, the window must have been broken from the outside!"

- may/might/could have (participle) are used to express deduction about a possibility. For example: "He may have been drinking last night because he looks terrible today!"

- can't/couldn't have (participle) are used to express past impossibility by deducation. For example: "He can't have studied much for the exam because he failed horribly."

- should/shouldn't have are used to express criticism about something in the past, or to express an opinion that something should have been done differently. For example: "I shouldn't have had that last beer, I have a terrible headache today!"

PHRASAL VERBS

               

What are phrasal verbs?

Phrasal verbs are mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. (The more formal a conversation or text, the less phrasal verbs are found.)
Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and a particle (preposition, adverb). The particle can change the meaning of the verb completely. For example::

• look up – consult a reference book (look a word up in a dictionary)
• look for – seek (look for her ring)
• look forward – anticipate with pleasure (look forward to meeting someone)

There are no rules that might explain the meaning of phrasal verbs. All you can do is look them up in a good dictionary and study their meanings.

Position of the Particle:

In some cases the particle is placed either after the verb or after the object.
Example:

• Write down the word
• Write the word down

If the object is a pronoun, however, the particle has to be placed after the pronoun (object).
Example:

• Write it down.
• Your photo album. Put it down
• Your jacket. Take it off

Phrasal verbs are multi-word verbs made of verb+adverb. They can be : 

                         transitive (direct object) 
                         intransitive ( no direct object) 
                        
                         transitive phrasal verbs are separable. 
                         intransitive phrasal verbs are inseparable 

Transitive verbs are separable because the object ( when it is a noun phrase) may be placed between the verb and its particle or it may be placed after the phrasal verb: 

                    I had to put my shopping bag down before opening the door
                    I had to put down my shopping bag before opening the door
Intransitive verbs are those verbs that can stand alone without an object (noun phrase) . The particle is, therefore, a prepositional adverb:

                   The girl looked on without saying a word.
                   The criminal broke down when the photos of his crime were shown to him.

When the object is a pronoun the two parts of the phrasal verb must be separated:
   
                      I had to put it down before opening the door. 

PREPOSITIONS

> Usually stand before nouns phrase/pronouns.

                      

> COMPOUND/ COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS
   - Also written as 2 or 3 words
   - e.g : 

> SPATIAL PREPOSITIONS

   - more physical/ can see or touch.

   - e.g :

- about = approximate location, near - the red is located about the center of the white square.

- above = over, higher than - the red is above the yellow. The brown is above the pink.

- across = on the opposite side of - the green is across from the brown.

- against = facing, touching - the red is against the yellow. The red and yellow are against each other.

- alongside = along, beside - the pink is alongside the red and yellow.

- amid, amidst = among, surrounded by a group - the red is amid the colors.

- among, amongst = in a group, mixed in with - the red and yellow are among the colors shown.

- apart = separate from - the black is apart from the other colors.

- around = on all sides, surrounding - the colors are around the red.

- at = in, on, near - the black, green, and brown are at the corners of the white box.

- on top = on top of (touching) - the red is on top the yellow.

- back = behind, to the rear of - the green is in the back of the group of red, blue, and green.

- behind = in back of, to the rear of - the green is behind the blue. The blue is behind the red. The green is behind both the red and blue.

> LOGICAL PREPOSITIONS
  - Nothing to do with physical.
  - Can't show the action.
  - e.g : versus

ADVERBS

                                   

> Adverbs modify....
- A verb  
  e.g : He drove slowly.  
   

- An adjectives
  e.g : He drove a very fast car.

verb	used with an adjective	used with an adverb
look	look good (= appearance)	look well (= healthy)
feel	feel good (= state of health/mind)	feel well (= have a good sense of touch)
smell	smell good (= odour)	smell well (= have a good sense of smell)
taste	taste good (= preference)	taste well (= have a good sense of taste)

The following verbs can only be used with adjectives:

• be
• become
• get
• grow
• keep
• remain
• seem
• sound
• stay
• turn

DESCRIBE THE MAN'S ACTIONS:  He's working quickly. He's working hard. He's  working carefully. He's working fast. "Quickly, carefully, slowly, hard, fast, hurriedly" are all adverbs.  He's  working slowly. He's working hurriedly.

Frank worked more yesterday .   (WHEN) Steve works here .                     (WHERE) Adverbs give information about the time, place and manner of the action. They work well together.              (HOW)

ADJECTIVE ADVERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB new newly quick quickly Most adverbs have -ly at the end. happy happily careful carefully

ADJECTIVE ADVERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB hard hard fast fast Some adverbs are irregular. early early good well

Quickly, he finished his work. He quickly finished his work. Adverbs have many possible positions within a sentence. He finished his work quickly.

Frank works more quickly than Steve. Steve works more carefully than Frank. Adverbs can be used to compare actions. Which worker works more efficiently?

Paul is a very good worker.  Sandy is frequently busy. Adverbs can be used to modify adjectives. Our teacher is always patient with us.

Paul went to the store, then he went to the post office. I should have studied; instead, I went to a movie. Adverbs can be used to join two clauses together.  I have no money; I'd go with you otherwise. I think, therefore I am. These adverbs are called conjunctive adverbs.  Some of the most common conjunctive adverbs are: also, consequently, finally, furthermore, hence, however, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, nevertheless, next, nonetheless, otherwise, still, then, therefore, thus

CATEGORIES OF ADVERBS

1) Manner


2) TEMPORAL/ TIME ADVERBS

- Temporal adverbs are used to specify the timing of an action or event. For example:

she went home yesterday

United won the Premiership last weekend

next week we’ll visit Hartlepool

- Other examples : now, soon, afterwards, immediately

3) LOCATIVE ADVERBS
- These adverbs supply information related to the location of an action or event, or the direction of an 
   action. For example:
       Kathy went outside to collect her products.
       They travelled east to Darlington.
       She turn the knob anti-clockwise.
- e.g : here, abroad, nearby,.......


4) DEGREE ADVRBS 
 - Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity or degree of an action, an adjective or another adverb.

Degree Adverbs with -ly Suffix

absolutely  very	amazingly  surprisingly	awfully very	barely negative
completely totally, all parts	considerably	dreadfully   very	easily  clearly, without difficulties
enormously	entirely	exceedingly	excessively
extensively very	extremely very	fairly	fantastically
fully	greatly	hardly not much	highly  very
hugely	immensely	incredibly  very	infinitely very, very
intensely  very	largely  mostly	moderately	nearly
noticeably	partly	perfectly completely	positively
practically completely	profoundly	purely	really
reasonably acceptably	relatively	remarkably	simply
slightly	strikingly	strongly  seriously, surely	sufficiently
supremely	suspiciously	terribly   very	totally
tremendously  very	truly	unbelievably	utterly
virtually practically	wonderfully

Degree adverbs without -ly suffix

about	almost	altogether	downright
however	indeed	jolly	just
least	less	mighty	more
most	not	quite	rather
so	somewhat	still	too
very	very much	way far	well
as… as	too… to...	so…that	enough

5) REASON ADVERBS
     - so, why
     - e.g : I don't think so.
               Why did she say that.

6) NUMBER ADVERBS
    - first, one, second, third, twice
     - e.g : We were here first.
                I will say this once.


WORDS THAT CAN BE BOTH ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

- early, daily, weekly, yearly, hourly, quarterly, fast
- Examples :
                     We get paid hourly. (adverb)
                            Hourly-pay is more common than weekly pay these days. (adjective)

                            They change my work schedule quarterly. (adverb)
                           Some people prefer quarterly schedules to monthly schedules. (adjective)

                      Half

                            The glass is half full. (adjective)
                            She is half Turkish, half French. (adverb)
                            She ate her sandwich only half. (adverb)
                            She promised to clean the whole house, but did it only half. (adverb)

                            Straight

                            She never gives a straight answer. (adjective)
                            She came straight home. (adverb)

                            Just

                           The train just left. (adverb)
                           He finished the work just in time. (adverb)
                            God is just. (adjectives)