NOUNS

- A noun is a part of speech (a word or phrase) typically denoting a person, thing, place, event, substance, quality or idea.

PART 1

Countable noun

   a) It is a noun which is for things we can count.

       Examples of countable nouns: table, bag, school       
       We can say: one table, two tables... one bag, two bags...

   b) It usually has a plural form:
       Examples: table > tables | bag > bags | school > schools

Uncountable noun

   a) It is a noun which is for things we cannot count.
       Examples of uncountable nouns: tea, sugar, water, air, rice.

   b) Uncountable nouns are often the names for abstract ideas or qualities.       
       Examples: knowledge, beauty, anger, fear, love.

   c) They usually do not have a plural form.(neither singular nor plural). They are used with a  
       singular verb. 
       Examples: we cannot say "sugars, angers, knowledges".

Singular nouns

 Examples : boy, girl, book, church

Plural nouns

  a) Regular - ends in s
       Examples : 

      b) Irregular - change in vowel
            Examples :

Same singular and plural nouns

       Examples : a sheep - two sheep

                          a fish - many fish

                          a deer - two deer

                          a pants - two pants

                          a scissors - two scissors

Abstract ideas

a) Cannot be seen or touched in the same way as concrete nouns such as chair, table or dog.

b) Abstract nouns are ideas, feelings or qualities such as love, hate, kindness, fear, anger, imagination,

    courage, intelligence, loneliness, happiness, sadness, bravery, cowardice, embarrassment, joy, beauty, ugliness, confidence, luck, misfortune, mischief, bitterness, justice, injustice, grief, boredom, cheerfulness.

A noun can function in sentence as:

a) subject 

b) direct object 

c) indirect object

d) subject complement 

e) object complement 

f) adjective

g) adverb

Usually occurs with determiners

Basic determiners are from :
i) determiner class 
   Examples : the girl, those boxes
ii) determiner phrase 
   Examples : almost all people, more than two problems 

Subject determiners are possessive noun phrase :
   Examples : her father, Lisa's car

1) Verb Function

= act as the subject of the verb ( Ali eats ice cream) 

=  act as the object of the verb  ( Ali eats ice cream)

= act as complement of the verb ( They are women)

= abstract nouns derived from verbs  ( breakage, agreement)

= verbs used like nouns ( swimming)

2) Adjectives Function

= abstract nouns derived from adjectives ( importance, darkness)
= adjectives used like nouns ( The rich)
= nouns follow the adjectives ( large mice)

3) Article Function

= end a phrase which begin with an article ( A drunk.)

4) Quantifier Function

= end a phrase which begin with a quantifier ( Either way)

5) Modifier Function

= nouns as modifiers of other nouns ( body temperature, flower shop)

Gender nouns

i) masculine gender - all words representing male.

                                 - Example : boy, king

ii) feminine gender  - all words representing female.

                                 - Example : girl, queen

iii) neuter gender    - inanimate object

                                - Example : book, chair, pen

iv) common gender - males or females

                                - Example : friend, cousin

Genitives nouns

- nouns with apostrophe 's 

  Example : Karen's pen

                    my father and mother's friend

                    soldiers' guns (possession for plural nouns)

                  PRONOUNS

Type Of Pronouns 

> Personal pronouns - me

> Reflexive & emphasizing pronouns - himself

> Demonstrative pronouns - this

> Possessive pronouns - mine

> Interrogative pronouns - whom were you dancing with?

> Indefinite pronouns - all

> Reciprocal pronouns - each other

> Relative Pronouns - The boy who find the coins will receive  a pen. 

Nouns

- are uses to name a person,place or thing.

- concrete (man, country)

Proper nouns/ Proper names

- the names of unique entities, country, month, day...(Ali, German, Monday)

* Other nouns are called common nouns ( girl, planet, country)

    - refers to a person, place in a general sense.

    - only capitalised when begin a sentence.

some exercises : 

http://www.education.com/study-help/article/kinds-nouns_answer/